Oxidation states are the charges of atoms after their ionic approximation of their bonds, which have been widely used in charge-neutrality verification, crystal structure determination, and reaction estimation. Currently only heuristic rules exist for guessing the oxidation states of a given compound with many exceptions. Recent work has developed machine learning models based on heuristic structural features for predicting the oxidation states of metal ions. However, composition based oxidation state prediction still remains elusive so far, which is more important in new material discovery for which the structures are not even available. This work proposes a novel deep learning based BERT transformer language model BERTOS for predicting the oxidation states of all elements of inorganic compounds given only their chemical composition. Our model achieves 96.82\% accuracy for all-element oxidation states prediction benchmarked on the cleaned ICSD dataset and achieves 97.61\% accuracy for oxide materials. We also demonstrate how it can be used to conduct large-scale screening of hypothetical material compositions for materials discovery.

自我监督的神经语言模型最近在有机分子和蛋白质序列的生成设计中发现了广泛的应用，以及用于下游结构分类和功能预测的表示学习。但是，大多数现有的分子设计深度学习模型通常都需要一个大数据集并具有黑盒架构，这使得很难解释其设计逻辑。在这里，我们提出了生成分子变压器（GMTRANSFORMER），这是一种用于分子生成设计的概率神经网络模型。我们的模型建立在最初用于文本处理的空白填充语言模型上，该模型在学习具有高质量生成，可解释性和数据效率的“分子语法”方面具有独特的优势。与其他基线相比，我们的模型在摩西数据集上的基准测试后获得了高新颖性和SCAF。概率生成步骤具有修补分子设计的潜力，因为它们有能力推荐如何通过学习的隐式分子化学指导，并通过解释来修饰现有分子。可以在https://github.com/usccolumbia/gmtransformer上自由访问源代码和数据集

大型未标记语料库上的预训练的变压器语言模型已产生了最新的最先进的结果，从而导致了自然语言处理，有机分子设计和蛋白质序列的产生。但是，尚未应用这种模型来学习无机材料的组成模式。在这里，我们使用在ICSD，OQMD中存放的材料和材料项目数据库中扩展的公式培训了七种现代变压器模型（GPT，GPT-2，GPT-2，GPT-NEO，GPT-NEO，GPT-J，BLMM，BART和ROBERTA） 。六个不同的数据集，具有/输出非电荷 - 中性或平衡的电负性样品用于对性能进行基准测试，并发现现代变压器模型的产生偏见，以生成材料组成的生成设计。我们的广泛实验表明，基于因果语言模型的材料变形金刚可以产生高达97.54 \％的化学有效材料组合物，即充电中性，而91.40 \％的电负性平衡，与基线相比，它的富集高6倍以上伪随机抽样算法。这些模型还表现出了很高的新颖性，并且它们在新材料发现中的潜力已经证明了它们的能力恢复了留出的材料。我们还发现，可以通过使用精选的训练集（例如高带盖材料）训练模型来量身定制生成的样品的性能。我们的实验还表明，不同模型在生成样品的属性方面都有自己的喜好，并且其运行时间复杂性差异很大。我们已经应用了材料变压器模型来发现一套使用DFT计算验证的新材料。

发现新材料是一项艰巨的挑战，对人类社会的进步至关重要。基于反复试验实验和计算模拟的常规方法是劳动密集型或昂贵的，取决于专家的启发式知识，成功的方式很大。最近，通过从已知材料数据集中学习隐式知识来生成材料的生成设计模型。但是，这些模型要么适用于特定的材料系统，要么由于其未能将物理规则纳入其模型训练过程而较低。在这里，我们提出了一种基于深度学习的物理学指导的晶体生成模型（PGCGM），以实现具有高结构多样性（多达20种不同空间组）的有效生成材料设计。我们模型的高性能表明了其捕获和利用晶体的对称约束和邻居原子之间的成对原子距离约束的能力。使用数据增强和空间原子聚类和合并，我们的PGCGM模型将整体生成有效性的性能提高了700 \％以上，与FTCP相比，FTCP是最先进的结构生成器之一，与45 \％相比，我们的整体生成有效性性能提高了。我们以前的立方体模型。新生成的晶体材料在原子空间分布和组成多样性方面也显示出更高的质量。我们通过密度功能理论（DFT）计算进一步验证了新的晶体结构。 2,000个中的1,869材料成功地优化了，其中39.6％的形成能量为阴性，5.3 \％的能量库船长小于0.25 eV/原子，表明它们的热力学稳定性和潜在的合成性。 1,869个晶体结构已沉积到卡罗来纳州材料数据库\ url {www.carolinamatdb.org}。

数据驱动的生成机器学习模型最近被出现为最有希望的新材料发现方法之一。虽然发电机型号可以产生数百万候选者，但训练快速准确的机器学习模型至关重要，以滤除具有所需特性的稳定，可合成的材料。然而，通过缺乏不稳定或不合益的样本严重阻碍了构建监督回归或分类筛查模型的努力，这通常不会收集和沉积在诸如ICSD和材料项目（MP）的材料数据库中。与此同时，这些数据库中有很多未标记的数据。在这里，我们提出了一个半监控的深度神经网络（TSDNN）模型，用于高性能形成能量和合成性预测，通过其独特的教师 - 学生双网络架构实现，并有效利用大量未标记数据。对于基于能量基于能量的稳定性筛选，与基线CGCNN回归模型相比，我们的半监控分类器实现了绝对的10.3 \％的准确性改进。对于合成性预测，我们的模型显着增加了基准PU学习从87.9 \％到97.9 \％的真正阳性率使用1/49型号参数。为了进一步证明我们模型的有效性，我们将我们的TSDNN-Energy和Tsdnn-InsteSizability模型与我们的Cubicgan发生器组合起来，以发现新型稳定的立方体结构。我们的模型中的1000个推荐的候选样品，其中512个具有由我们的DFT形成能量计算验证的负面形成能量。我们的实验结果表明，我们的半监督深度神经网络可以在大型生成材料设计中显着提高筛选准确性。

婴儿运动分析是在儿童早期开发研究中具有重要意义的主题。然而，虽然人类姿势估计的应用变得越来越宽，但是在大规模成年姿势数据集上培训的模型几乎不能在估计婴幼儿姿势，因为它们的身体比率显着差异以及它们的构成的多功能性。此外，隐私和安全考虑因素阻碍了从头划痕培训强大模型所需的适当婴儿姿势数据的可用性。为了解决这个问题，本文提出（1）建立和公开发布具有小但不同实际婴儿图像的混合综合和真正的婴儿姿势（Syrip）数据集以及生成的合成婴儿姿势和（2）多级不变表示学习策略可以将知识从成人姿势和合成婴儿图像的相邻域和综合性婴儿图像转移到我们的微调域适应婴儿姿势（FIDEP）估计模型中。在我们的消融研究中，具有相同的网络结构，在SyRip数据集上培训的模型对唯一的其他公共婴儿姿势数据集接受过的培训明显改进。与具有不同复杂性的姿势估计骨干网络集成，FIDEP比这些模型的微调版本始终如一。我们最先进的暗影模型上最好的婴儿姿势估计表演者显示了93.6的平均平均精度（MAP）。

Despite significant progress in object categorization, in recent years, a number of important challenges remain; mainly, the ability to learn from limited labeled data and to recognize object classes within large, potentially open, set of labels. Zero-shot learning is one way of addressing these challenges, but it has only been shown to work with limited sized class vocabularies and typically requires separation between supervised and unsupervised classes, allowing former to inform the latter but not vice versa. We propose the notion of vocabulary-informed learning to alleviate the above mentioned challenges and address problems of supervised, zero-shot, generalized zero-shot and open set recognition using a unified framework. Specifically, we propose a weighted maximum margin framework for semantic manifold-based recognition that incorporates distance constraints from (both supervised and unsupervised) vocabulary atoms. Distance constraints ensure that labeled samples are projected closer to their correct prototypes, in the embedding space, than to others. We illustrate that resulting model shows improvements in supervised, zero-shot, generalized zero-shot, and large open set recognition, with up to 310K class vocabulary on Animal with Attributes and ImageNet datasets.

A noisy training set usually leads to the degradation of the generalization and robustness of neural networks. In this paper, we propose a novel theoretically guaranteed clean sample selection framework for learning with noisy labels. Specifically, we first present a Scalable Penalized Regression (SPR) method, to model the linear relation between network features and one-hot labels. In SPR, the clean data are identified by the zero mean-shift parameters solved in the regression model. We theoretically show that SPR can recover clean data under some conditions. Under general scenarios, the conditions may be no longer satisfied; and some noisy data are falsely selected as clean data. To solve this problem, we propose a data-adaptive method for Scalable Penalized Regression with Knockoff filters (Knockoffs-SPR), which is provable to control the False-Selection-Rate (FSR) in the selected clean data. To improve the efficiency, we further present a split algorithm that divides the whole training set into small pieces that can be solved in parallel to make the framework scalable to large datasets. While Knockoffs-SPR can be regarded as a sample selection module for a standard supervised training pipeline, we further combine it with a semi-supervised algorithm to exploit the support of noisy data as unlabeled data. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets and real-world noisy datasets show the effectiveness of our framework and validate the theoretical results of Knockoffs-SPR. Our code and pre-trained models will be released.

As natural language processing (NLP) for gender bias becomes a significant interdisciplinary topic, the prevalent data-driven techniques such as large-scale language models suffer from data inadequacy and biased corpus, especially for languages with insufficient resources such as Chinese. To this end, we propose a Chinese cOrpus foR Gender bIas Probing and Mitigation CORGI-PM, which contains 32.9k sentences with high-quality labels derived by following an annotation scheme specifically developed for gender bias in the Chinese context. Moreover, we address three challenges for automatic textual gender bias mitigation, which requires the models to detect, classify, and mitigate textual gender bias. We also conduct experiments with state-of-the-art language models to provide baselines. To our best knowledge, CORGI-PM is the first sentence-level Chinese corpus for gender bias probing and mitigation.

Medical image segmentation (MIS) is essential for supporting disease diagnosis and treatment effect assessment. Despite considerable advances in artificial intelligence (AI) for MIS, clinicians remain skeptical of its utility, maintaining low confidence in such black box systems, with this problem being exacerbated by low generalization for out-of-distribution (OOD) data. To move towards effective clinical utilization, we propose a foundation model named EvidenceCap, which makes the box transparent in a quantifiable way by uncertainty estimation. EvidenceCap not only makes AI visible in regions of uncertainty and OOD data, but also enhances the reliability, robustness, and computational efficiency of MIS. Uncertainty is modeled explicitly through subjective logic theory to gather strong evidence from features. We show the effectiveness of EvidenceCap in three segmentation datasets and apply it to the clinic. Our work sheds light on clinical safe applications and explainable AI, and can contribute towards trustworthiness in the medical domain.